Learn more about clone URLs. Download ZIP. Effective Modern CMake. General Use at least CMake version 3. Modern CMake is only available starting with version 3. Treat CMake code like production code. Define project properties globally.
Modules Use modern find modules that declare exported targets. Use exported targets of external packages. Use a find module for third-party libraries that do not support clients to use CMake. If the library is an open-source project, consider sending a patch. Write a find module for third-party libraries that do not support clients to use CMake.
Projects Avoid custom variables in the arguments of project commands. Don't use file GLOB in projects. Put CI-specific settings in CTest scripts, not in the project. Follow a naming convention for test names. This simplifies filtering by regex when running tests via CTest. Targets and Properties Think in terms of targets and properties. Imagine targets as objects. Calling the member functions modifies the member variables of the object.
Being explicit reduces the chance to unintendedly introduce hidden dependencies. Using a library defined in the same CMake tree should look the same as using an external library.
Functions and Macros Prefer functions over macros whenever reasonable. Use macros for defining very small bits of functionality only or to wrap commands that have output parameters. Otherwise create a function. Loops Use modern foreach syntax. Packages Use CPack to create packages. CPack is part of CMake and nicely integrates with it. Write a CPackConfig. Cross Compiling Use toolchain files for cross compiling. Toolchain files encapsulate toolchains for cross compilation.
Keep toolchain files simple. Warnings and Errors Treat build errors correctly. Fix them. Reject pull requests. Hold off releases. Treat warnings as errors. You cannot enable -Werror unless you already reached zero warnings. You cannot increase the warning level unless you already fixed all warnings introduced by that level. You cannot upgrade your compiler unless you already fixed all new warnings that the compiler reports at your warning level.
You cannot update your dependencies unless you already ported your code away from any symbols that are now [[deprecated]]. You cannot [[deprecated]] your internal code as long as it is still used. But once it is no longer used, you can as well just remove it. Treat new warnings as errors. At the beginning of a development cycle e.
Increase warning level, enable new warnings explicitly. Update the compiler. Update dependencies. Mark symbols as [[deprecated]].
Burn down the number of warnings. Static Analysis Use more than one supported analyzer. For each header file, there must be an associated source file that include s the header file at the top, even if that source file would otherwise be empty.
This comment has been minimized. Sign in to view. Copy link Quote reply. Owner Author. S : I use include ".. Pardon my dumb question. If you think I missed a concept, please help xD. Maybe we need a bare minimum working example rather than iterative approach up front. IMO, the paragraph quoted below is hard to understand: For example, a project might use a common set of compiler warnings.
Hi, Great post about modern CMake! I'm having a bit of trouble understanding the following rules, they look contradicting to me: -Define project properties globally.
Do you know any Guidelines regarding documentation of self defined functions? So what am I missing? No idea. Don't do that. Sign up for free to join this conversation on GitHub. Already have an account? Sign in to comment. You signed in with another tab or window. Among the reasons for this development are laws governing fair employment practices, changing societal attitudes toward women in the workplace, and the desire of companies to project a favorable image by placing qualified women in managerial positions.
However, in some organizations, women have difficulties in making it to the top. Besides historical reasons, discrimination has been one of the main reasons why women do not make it to the top. Why Study Management Theory? Theories are perspectives with which people make sense of their world experiences Stoner et. Theory is a systematic grouping of interdependent concepts mental images of anything formed by generalization from particulars and principles are generalizations or hypotheses that are tested for accuracy and appear to be true to reflect or explain reality that give a framework to, or tie together, a significant area of knowledge.
However, the variety of approaches to management analysis, the welter of research, and the number of differing views have resulted in much confusion as to what management is, what management theory and science is, and how managerial events should be analyzed.
Since that time, the vegetation in this jungle has changed somewhat, new approaches have developed, and older approaches have taken some new meanings with some new words attached to them, but the developments of management science and theory still have the characteristics of a jungle. There is a body of opinion that says that management theory evolved during and after Second World War; it has only been studied in-depth since then.
The industrial revolution that brought in mass production, specialization, seeing people as critical resource, all intensified management as a critical area of discourse. Principles in management are fundamental truths, explaining relationships between two or more sets of variables, usually an independent variable and a dependent variable. Principles may be descriptive or predictive, and not prescriptive. That is, they describe how one variable relates to another — what will happen when these variables interact.
Once managers know about theory, they will have the capacity to forestall future problems that may occur in the enterprise. At this point it is worth distinguishing management theory from management techniques. Contrary to the theory we have discussed above, techniques are essentially ways of doing things; methods of accomplishing a given result. In all fields of practice, including management, they are important.
Techniques normally reflect theory and are a means of helping managers undertake activities most effectively. In the field of management, then, the role of theory is to provide a means of classifying significant and pertinent management knowledge.
For example, in the area of designing an effective organization structure, there are several principles that are interrelated and that have a predictive value for managers. The theory of management is grouped into the five functions of management. In sum, there are basically three main reasons why we have to study management theory.
First, theories provide a stable focus for understanding what we experience. A theory provides criteria for what is relevant. Second, theories enable us to communicate efficiently and thus move into more and more complex relationships with other people. Third, theories make it possible — indeed, challenge us — to keep learning about our world. By definition, theories have boundaries.
For lack of time and space, this discussion will provide a general description of some of the scholars in each of these management theories and the successes that they achieved. Frederick Taylor started the era of modern management. It has to be stated that scientific management met with significant success among which included: the science of cutting metal, coal shovel design that he produced at Bethlehem Steel Works reducing the workers needed to shovel from to , worker incentive schemes, a piece rate system for shop management, and organizational influences in the development of the fields of industrial engineering, personnel, and quality control.
It has to be acknowledged that from an economic standpoint, Taylorism was an extreme success. Application of his methods yielded significant improvements in productivity. For example, improvements such as his shovel work at Bethlehem Works, which reduced the workers needed to shovel from to Henceforth, Taylor proposed four great underlying principles of management. Finally, work and responsibility to be divided equally between workers and management cooperating together in close interdependence.
The ultimate result of this study led to the centrality of efficiency in organizations. Gilbreth was particularly interested in how he could reduce the unnecessary motions resulting from bricklaying at a construction site; he succeeded in reducing the motions from 18 to 4.
He then proposed that each worker should be involved in doing his or her own work, prepare for the next higher level, and training their successors. He believed that civilization was changing to seek technically optimal results at the expense of emotional or humanistic content.
The bureaucracy was envisioned as a large machine for attaining its goals in the most efficient manner possible. Hence, Weber predicted a completely impersonal organization with little human level interaction between its members. In other words, his work is more directed at the management layer.
Fayol believed that management had five principle roles: to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to co-ordinate, and to control. Forecasting and planning was the act of anticipating the future and acting accordingly. Finally, control meant that the above activities were performed in accordance with appropriate rules and procedures. The concept of giving appropriate authority with responsibility is also widely commented on and is well practiced.
The origin of behavioralism is the human relations movement that was a result of the Hawthorne Works Experiment carried out at the Western Electric Company, in the United States of America that started in the early s The Hawthorne studies attempted to determine the effects of lighting on worker productivity.
When these experiments showed no clear correlation between light level and productivity the experiments then started looking at other factors.
With each of these changes, productivity went up. When the women were put back to their original hours and conditions, they set a productivity record. These experiments proved five things. First, work satisfaction and hence performance is basically not economic — depends more on working conditions and attitudes - communications, positive management response and encouragement, working environment. Second, it rejected Taylorism and its emphasis on employee self-interest and the claimed over-riding incentive of monetary rewards.
Third, large-scale experiments involving over 20, employees showed highly positive responses to, for example, improvements in working environments e. Fourth, the influence of the peer group is very high — hence, the importance of informal groups within the workplace. These results showed that the group dynamics and social makeup of an organization were an extremely important force either for or against higher productivity.
This outcome caused the call for greater participation for the workers, greater trust and openness in the working environment, and a greater attention to teams and groups in the work place. The systems theory has had a significant effect on management science and understanding organizations. A system is a collection of part unified to accomplish an overall goal.
If one part of the system is removed, the nature of the system is changed as well. A system can be looked at as having inputs e. Systems share feedback among each of these four aspects of the system. Yet, decades of management training and practices in the workplace have not followed this theory. Only recently, with tremendous changes facing organizations and how they operate, have educators and managers come to face this new way of looking at things. The effect of systems theory in management is that it helps managers to look at the organization more broadly.
It has also enabled managers to interpret patterns and events in the workplace — i. The situational or contingency theory asserts that when managers make a decision, they must take into account all aspects of the current situation and act on those aspects that are key to the situation at hand.
For example, if one is leading troops in Iraq, an autocratic style is probably best. If one is leading a hospital or University, a more participative and facilitative leadership style is probably best. The Chaos theory is advocated by Tom Peters As chaotic and random as global events seem today, they are equally chaotic in organizations. Yet for many decades, managers have acted on the basis that organizational events can always be controlled. Thus, a new theory, known as chaos theory, has emerged to recognize that events are rarely controlled.
Chaos theorists suggest that systems naturally go to more complexity, and as they do so, they become more volatile and must, therefore, expend more energy to maintain that complexity. As they expend more energy, they seek more structure to maintain stability.
This trend continues until the system splits, combines with another complex system or falls apart entirely. It will need an effective manager for the latter worst scenario not to happen.
This theory emphasizes quality circles, best practices, and continuous improvement. It is a theory that mainly hinges on reliance on teamwork. It also emphasizes flattening of management pyramid, and reducing the levels of hierarchy. The research findings no doubt have validated the synerginous relationship between communication approach and efficient organizational performance.
In this cited in Eunju Phd This type of communication, in business world, nothing can be achieved without effectively turn, includes activities of sending and receiving message communicating with employers, employees, clients, through various layers of authority, using various message suppliers, and customers. If you look at the most successful systems, and discussing various topics of interest to the business people in the world, you will see people who have group we belong to or the company we work for.
Organizational communication research has mainly been Business all over the world today is very challenging. To conducted both in the business management field and in the stay profitable in the highly challenging and competitive communication field; however, researchers in the public global market economy all factors at production i. Among organizational communication and its roles and effects.
Communication organizational communication plays an important role in influence on the perception and opinions about persons, this challenge. Communication has crucial impacts or among work groups As a managerial tool, communication is frequently expected in that organizational communication is a channel to flow to share information with members, to coordinate activities, information, resources, and even policies.
Eunju with one another in the context of an organization Phd, Just transferring of a message to another party so that it can be like blood stream in people, communication represents the understood and acted upon Ode, Communication skills are important in all which link people to the languages and symbolic ……… human endavours, including business.
Even though which are used to transmit such messages. It is also the communication skills are so important to success in the means by which such messages are received and stored. They may sometimes struggle to convey their thoughts and ideals in an In its simplest form, however, communication is the accurate manner, making it difficult to reach their full transmission of a message from a source to a receiver… or potential as a communicator, a manager, and a leader of the process of creating shared meaning Baran, It has been shown that there exists various definitions for communication, as there are different disciplines.
While 2. For Communication has been widely accepted by scholars and example, communication system may incorporate academies as the life hood of an organization because computers, as well as less soplusticated reproducing devices communication is needed for exchanging information, such as photocopiers. A photocopier may see exchanging opinions, making plans and proposals, reaching communication as meaning different thing from the way a agreement, executing decisions, sending and fulfilling marketer preconceives it.
Similarly, a gospel preacher may orders and conducting sales Blalock, ; Alyssa, ; think communication is something, which is of course Rotler, ; amongst others. When communication stops, different from what a journalist thinks it is. So, agreed upon by scholars. Psychologists, sociologists, organization in an organization is an virtual as the blood of medical practioners, philosophies and communication life.
This definition, from a book written by a between a sender source and a receiver destination so journalist, seems reasonable for those in that field. So, there that it is received, understood and leads to action Obamiro, are definitions of communication as there are various Communication is made up of activities of under related 2. The fact is that the word communication is linking the three hierarchical levels management, union and encompassing, ambiguous and pervasive. These three words staff together in order to enhance productivity.
The two capture the universal nature of communication and make major types of communication channel within an everyone think they know something about communication. They follow the established chain of command or line of authority. Formal information because we can communicate.
We relate with friends, can be transmitted internally or externally. Without 1. Internal Communication communication, this will not be possible. It opportunity to transact business and engage in trade. It is divided into three broad parts. We also negotiate the a. Horizontal Communication: This is also called lateral prices, mode of delivery etc through communication. It is the transmission of message along the same lateral or similar level in an organization. This express freely our ideas, opinions and feelings or issues occurs between team members, between different teams affecting us.
We also share knowledge as we engage in and employees on the same or similar level. The use of discussion and write books. In classroom situation a horizontal communication is on the increase because of teacher is able to impart knowledge into students the interactive electronic communication technologies through communication. Communication helps establish leaning communities and virtual teams of to mobilize people to work together for their social and employees who work together even different locations.
Vertical Communication: Vertical communication is an organization communication that involves two exchange of cultural and values. Quasi-Vertical Communication: it is the type of b. Principle of Possession of competent communication pattern of communication in which organized body of skills: The communicator and the receiver should be employees called labour union intermediates between quite competent and efficient in terms of management and employees. Possession of the required communication 2.
External Communication skills is crucial, so that the task of communication, in External communication has to do with disseminating terms of transmission and reception, may be performed information and interaction with the immediate by them effectively.
Principle of Sharing and Interaction: Since creditors, etc. The effectiveness of this depends on how communication is a two way process, its success lies in perfectly internal communication is handled. It is mostly used when there are gaps in or barriers to formal communication d. Principle of Suitability of the Communication which disturb the employees from getting the information Contents: The content of what is to be communicated they require or desire.
Common sources are; rumour an should be very suitable and easily understandable. It unofficial channel which transmits unreliable information , should be appropriate on the part of both the grapevine it carries more reliable and valuable information.
It can be single strand, gossip or cluster. Principle of Appropriate Media and Channel: The effectiveness of the process of communication will 2. Principle of Appropriate feedback: Communication a. Oral communication: this refers to verbal conversation g. Principle of Facilitators and Barriers of between two or more persons in an organization.
It is a communication: There are many intervening variables face-to-face interaction and most frequently used kind lying between the source and the receiver of of communication channel during conferences, information in a communication process. The effect of seminars, meetings, interviews,etc. It is rich in content, these variables, on the positive or negative source and because there is a high level of interaction between the receiver, becomes a decisive factor of the success or sender and the receiver.
Non-Verbal Communication: this means using any form other than written and oral communication to 2. This includes the use of facial Communication may occur in variety of situations or expressions, body movement and personal appearance to environments. These may be grouped in the following types: pass information.
Important categories are Kinetic behavior, physical distance, tone of voice and object a. One on One Communication: This form of language. Most of our day-to-day informal or formal 2. Communication Certain principles are very essential to effective between husband and wife, shopkeeper and customer, communication.
These principles, according to Mangal and relations, friends, strangers, colleagues, lovers, are Mangal , include: examples.
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